Homework · Predicate logic · Chapter 7

Translation (PL)

Symbolize English sentences in PL and PLE: quantifiers, relations, names and identity. Any correct symbolization is accepted. If yours is wrong, you'll see a small interpretation on which it gets the wrong truth-value.

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How answers are checked: yours is compared with the model answer on every interpretation with a UD of 1, 2 or 3 members. PL has no general test for equivalence (Church's theorem, 8.2), but for sentences like these that check catches every realistic mistake.

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Symbolization key

Your symbolization

Shortcuts: (Ax) for (∀x), (Ex) for (∃x), ~, &, v (with spaces) for ∨, > for ⊃, <-> for ≡. = is identity. Outer brackets can be left off.

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